Posts Tagged ‘History’

Be a Part of History in Washington, D.C.

May 20th, 2012

Article by tomhenrry

Be a Part of History in Washington, D.C. – Travel – Hotels and Lodging

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It’s no surprise that Washington D.C. is the vacation destination of choice for practicing and wannabe history buffs. But history buff or not, traveling to D.C. is still a very affordable getaway, with tons of free or almost free options. If you can find a cheap hotel in Washington, and choose wisely when it comes to what you spend on food, it’s easy to experience all the history D.C. has to offer for a very, very low price.

Whether you stay at the Willard InterContinental Hotel or not, you’ll definitely want to visit. Though not on every tourist’s list, sit in the lobby and consider this: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote his famed “I Have a Dream” speech right here. After digesting that grandiose thought, take the short two block walk to The White House. The National Mall is also within walking distance.

Another totally free option, this one much better known, is the Lincoln Memorial. This breathtaking structure overlooks the 2,029-foot-long Reflecting Pool, as well as the Washington Monument. At an astounding 19 feet, the Memorial features inscriptions from Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address and the Gettysburg Address.

Instead of just looking at history, become a part of it by sitting in on a Supreme Court ruling. And no worries if there isn’t one scheduled for the day or time when you’re in town. There are many additional activities available in the Supreme Court building, including self-guided tours. Visitors can also view the 24 minute film, The Supreme Court, or listen to hourly lectures in the courtroom. These lectures, held every hour on the half hour from 9:30am- 3:30pm, detail the functions of the Supreme Court, the history of the building, and the architecture of the courtroom. Lastly, various and constantly-changing exhibits are available to the public. Current exhibits include Sandra Day O’Connor: First Woman on the Supreme Court, and The Supreme Court Then and Now.

The last must-see spot on your (almost) free D.C. vacation is the home of the National Archives and Records Administration. Schedule a group tour, or take a peek at the original Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights. Currently the building is housing an exhibit called Discovering the Civil War.

There’s no better way to learn about U.S. history than to experience it for yourself. And with all the deals out there on cheap hotel in Washington, this priceless experience is affordable, too!

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Washington | Posted by admin

Barack Obama’s Path to History (Conclusion)

May 18th, 2012

PALIN’S INTERVIEW WOES

Palin’s popularity was slipping in the polls and she failed to make matters any better during her disastrous interviews with ABC news anchor Charlie Gibson and CBS news anchor Katie Couric. In the former, Palin was criticized for not knowing what the Bush doctrine was, which was to a degree understandable. But she showed that at times, she could get lost in her own attempts at answering questions she had no real answers for.

GIBSON: Do we have the right to be making cross-border attacks into Pakistan, from Afghanistan, with or without the approval of the Pakistani government?

PALIN: As for our right to invade, we’re going to work with these countries, building new relationships, working with existing allies, but forging new also, in order to, Charlie, get to a point in this world, where war is not going to be a first option. In fact, war has got to be and military strike a last option.

GIBSON: But governor, I am asking you, do we have the right, in your mind, to go across the border, with or without the approval of the Pakistani government?

PALIN: In order to stop Islamic extremists, those terrorists who would seek to destroy America, and our allies, we must do whatever it takes, and we must not blink, Charlie. In making those tough decisions of where we go, and even who we target.

GIBSON: And let me finish with this. I got lost in a blizzard of words there. Is that a yes, that you think we have the right to go across the border, with or without the approval of the Pakistani government? To go after terrorists who are in the Waziristan area?

PALIN: I believe that America has to exercise all options in order to stop the terrorists who are hell-bent on destroying America, and our allies. We have got to have all options out there on the table…

Again Herbert stepped up to the plate: “How is it that this woman could have been selected to be the vice presidential candidate on a major party ticket? How is it that so much of the mainstream media has dropped all pretense of seriousness to hop aboard the bandwagon and go along for the giddy ride?…You can’t imagine that John McCain or Barack Obama or Joe Biden or Hillary Clinton or Joe Lieberman would not know what the Bush doctrine is. But Sarah Palin? Absolutely clueless. Ms. Palin’s problem is not that she was mayor of a small town or has only been in the Alaska governor’s office a short while. Her problem (and now ours) is that she is not well versed on the critical matters confronting the country at one of the most crucial turning points in its history.”

Herbert continued. “I feel for Ms. Palin’s son who has been shipped off to the war in Iraq. But at his deployment ceremony, which was on the same day as the Charlie Gibson interview, Sept. 11, she told the audience of soldiers that they would be fighting ‘the enemies who planned and carried out and rejoiced in the death of thousands of Americans.’ Was she deliberately falsifying history, or does she still not know that Iraq and Saddam Hussein had nothing to do with the Sept. 11 attacks?” (Source: ” Bob Herbert, She’s Not Ready, New York Times Op-Ed Column, Sept. 12, 2008).

The CBS debacle was by far worse and in some circles, funnier. When Couric asked about the $ 700 billion government bailout and whether she supports it, Palin offered the following circumlocutory response: “I’m all about the position that America is in and that we have to look at a $ 700 billion bailout. And as Sen. McCain has said unless this nearly trillion dollar bailout is what it may end up to be, unless there are amendments in Paulson’s proposal, really I don’t believe that Americans are going to support this and we will not support this. The interesting thing in the last couple of days that I have seen is that Americans are waiting to see what John McCain will do on this proposal. They’re not waiting to see what Barack Obama is going to do. Is he going to do this and see what way the political wind’s blowing? They’re waiting to see if John McCain will be able to see these amendments implemented in Paulson’s proposal.”

COURIC: You’ve said, quote, “John McCain will reform the way Wall Street does business.” Other than supporting stricter regulations of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac two years ago, can you give us any more example of his leading the charge for more oversight?

PALIN: I think that the example that you just cited, with his warnings two years ago about Fannie and Freddie–that, that’s paramount. That’s more than a heck of a lot of other senators and representatives did for us.

COURIC: But he’s been in Congress for 26 years. He’s been chairman of the powerful Commerce Committee. And he has almost always sided with less regulation, not more.

PALIN: He’s also known as the maverick though, taking shots from his own party, and certainly taking shots from the other party. Trying to get people to understand what he’s been talking about, the need to reform government.

COURIC: But can you give me any other concrete examples? Because I know you’ve said Barack Obama is a lot of talk and no action. Can you give me any other examples in his 26 years of John McCain truly taking a stand on this?

PALIN: I can give you examples of things that John McCain has done, that has shown his foresight, his pragmatism, and his leadership abilities. And that is what America needs today.

COURIC: I’m just going to ask you one more time – not to belabor the point. Specific examples in his 26 years of pushing for more regulation.

PALIN: I’ll try to find you some and I’ll bring them to you

Palin was obviously unprepared and subsequently was lampooned unmercifully on late night talk shows and other comedic venues. One such show was Saturday Night Live, where Palin’s dismal performance was skewered by Tina Fey. For the better part of a week clips of that skit would appear on various news programs.

During subsequent interviews, Palin would appear on-camera with McCain. This includes a hand-holding session with Sean Hannity on Fox News that was more embarrassing than enlightening.

No one was buying the idea of Palin as “fiscal conservative.” Eugene Robinson wrote, ”She represents herself as a fiscal conservative who abhors pork-barrel projects and said no thanks to the “Bridge to Nowhere” – a $ 398 million span that would have linked Ketchikan, Alaska, to its airport across the Tongass Narrows. But as mayor of Wasilla (pop. 9,780), she hired a Washington lobbyist to bring home the bacon. And as a candidate for governor just two years ago, she supported both the Ketchikan bridge and the congressional earmark that would have paid most of its cost.” (Source: Eugene Robinson, The Cynicism Express, The Minneapolis Star-Tribune, Sept. 2, 2008).

The GOP attempted to effect damage control. Palin supporters dismissed the attacks as sexist bantering from the elitist, liberal media. They argued that Sarah was a reflection of “small town America,” and that the only things voters cared about was whether or not she could assume the duties of the President in the event of McCain’s incapacitation or death. They ignored the fact that most in their party felt she couldn’t.

McCain had additional problems. For starters, he admitted that he’d sided with the President “90% of the time,” which the Obama campaign repeated ad naseum. They also pointed out that McCain first denounced Bush’s tax cuts and now talked of continuing them. In the first debate, Obama also made a point of McCain’s support for the war In Iraq and that the Arizona Senator had declared that the war was not only the right thing, but would be over quickly and America would be greeted in that country as liberators. None of those things happened, as America remained in Iraq some three years after President Bush declared “mission accomplished.”

Obama asserted, “John, you like to pretend like the war started in 2007. You talk about the surge. The war started in 2003, and at the time when the war started, you said it was going to be quick and easy. You said we knew where the weapons of mass destruction were. You were wrong. You said that we were going to be greeted as liberators. You were wrong. You said that there was no history of violence between Shiite and Sunni. And you were wrong. And so my question is…of judgment…”

THE BEAT GOES ON… As Congress began debating a $ 700 billion bailout package for the ailing finance industry, McCain campaign operatives continued to shoot themselves in the foot. Former Texas Senator Phil Gramm, McCain’s top economic adviser and co-chair of the campaign, said in an interview with the Associated Press, “”You’ve heard of mental depression; this is a mental recession,” he said. “We may have a recession; we haven’t had one yet. We have sort of become a nation of whiners…You just hear this constant whining, complaining about a loss of competitiveness, America in decline.”

Gramm’s comments were widely condemned. McCain denounced the remarks and nine days later, Gramm stepped down.

McCain seemed unable to gain any traction, even after the first debate. It was supposed to be a debate that would be advantageous for him, one that centered on foreign policy-his storing suit, and where he claimed Obama was weak and lacked leadership. The debate took place several days after McCain announced the suspension of his campaign to focus on Wall Street’s mortgage crisis.

When McCain arrived in Washington, he had several photo ops, including one at the White House, where he and Senator Obama, along with several other members of the Congress had convened at the request of President George W. Bush. A day later a vote was taken and the bailout package failed. Democrats voted for it, but several Republican Senators were miffed by ill-advised comments of Democratic House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, who blamed the GOP for the fiscal mess. McCain was seen as someone who could not rally the troops, and amidst criticism flew to Oxford, Mississippi for the debate.

Obama remained poised throughout the debate, while McCain came off as irritable and throughout the debate reiterated in a condescending tone, “I’m afraid Senator Obama doesn’t understand…”

OBAMA: …We cannot separate Afghanistan from Iraq, because what our commanders have said is we don’t have the troops right now to deal with Afghanistan. So I would send two to three additional brigades to Afghanistan. Now, keep in mind that we have four times the number of troops in Iraq, where nobody had anything to do with 9/11 before we went in, where, in fact, there was no al Qaeda before we went in, but we have four times more troops there than we do in Afghanistan. And that is a strategic mistake, because every intelligence agency will acknowledge that al Qaeda is the greatest threat against the United States and that Secretary of Defense Gates acknowledged the central front–that the place where we have to deal with these folks is going to be in Afghanistan and in Pakistan…

MCCAIN: We’ve got to get the support of the people of Pakistan. He [Obama] said that he would launch military strikes into Pakistan. Now, you don’t do that. You don’t say that out loud. If you have to do things, you have to do things, and you work with the Pakistani government…And, yes, Senator Obama calls for more troops, but what he doesn’t understand, it’s got to be a new strategy, the same strategy that he condemned in Iraq. It’s going to have to be employed in Afghanistan…So it’s not just the addition of troops that matters. It’s a strategy that will succeed. And Pakistan is a very important element in this. And I know how to work with him. And I guarantee you I would not publicly state that I’m going to attack them.

OBAMA: Nobody talked about attacking Pakistan. Here’s what I said. And if John wants to disagree with this, he can let me know, that, if the United States has al Qaeda, bin Laden, top-level lieutenants in our sights, and Pakistan is unable or unwilling to act, then we should take them out. Now, I think that’s the right strategy; I think that’s the right policy. And, John, I–you’re absolutely right that presidents have to be prudent in what they say. But, you know, coming from you, who, you know, in the past has threatened extinction for North Korea and, you know, sung songs about bombing Iran, I don’t know, you know, how credible that is…

MCCAIN: I — I don’t think that Senator Obama understands that there was a failed state in Pakistan when Musharraf came to power…I have a record. I have a record of being involved in these national security issues, which involve the highest responsibility and the toughest decisions that any president can make, and that is to send our young men and women into harm’s way… OBAMA: …The question is for the next president, are we making good judgments about how to keep America safe precisely because sending our military into battle is such an enormous step. (NOTE: Debate remarks were edited for brevity).

With their differences spelled out, the post-debate polling by ABC indicated that more than half of those queried said Obama won. About one-third called McCain the winner. CBS saw it Obama 39%, McCain 24% and 37% thought it was a draw.

As the election drew near, the personal attacks on Obama intensified. Sarah Palin accused the Senator of “palling around with terrorists.” She rationalized her remarks by saying Obama needed to further explain his relationship with Bill Ayers, for he had not been truthful about it. Few noted that she used the plural terrorists. There were also accusations of Obama being a “socialist,” after he told one voter (who became immortalized by the McCain campaign as “Joe The Plumber”) that he planned to tax those making $ 250,000 or more and “redistributing the wealth.”

Rove, et al. called Obama’s tax cuts “government handouts,” saying most would go to people who did not work and thus, paid no taxes. At rallies where these claims were made, some in the crowd made threatening remarks toward Obama, such as “Kill him!” and “Off with his head!” McCain downplayed it and countered, “You should hear some of the things said about me at Senator Obama’s rallies.”

Nor even Fox News produced clips to back up McCain’s assertion.

Again, polling indicated that voters were not interested in such “issues.” Their top concerns were the economy (in particular the high prices of food and gas), the mess on Wall Street, healthcare, the war in Iraq and taxes. They favored Obama on the economy and gave McCain a slight edge on matters of foreign policy, even after Obama’s choice for vice-president, Joe Biden, “guaranteed” that Obama would be tested “within the first six months” with an international crisis.

McCain suffered a damaging blow when Republican stalwart and former Secretary of State Colin Powell endorsed Obama. More bad news was forthcoming. “[An] NBC/Wall Street Journal Poll gives Obama a 10 point lead nationally. 60% of respondents in the CNN poll think McCain’s attacks on Obama are unfair, a figure that hurts McCain’s chances further with independent voters. Reuters/Zogby has an 8 point Obama lead in its latest tracking poll. And the Pew poll, which takes into account cell phone users, has Obama up by 14 points. The prediction here is that these totals will go up in the next couple days as the impact of the Powell endorsement fully hits the polling results.” (Source: Steven Reynolds, Palin Is Sinking The McCain Campaign, . alternet.org, Oct. 22, 2008)

Palin and McCain continued to insist that Obama would leave the country vulnerable, and there were some in the Obama camp who worried that the Senator from Illinois was not fighting back. Responding to the criticism, Obama countered with an ad that labeled McCain “erratic” and “out of touch” on the economy. The campaign also reminded the electorate that McCain, some twenty years earlier, had been involved with convicted financier Charles Keating in the S and L debacle. While McCain was not found guilty of any wrongdoing, the Senate ethics committee did find that he exercised “poor judgment.”

Polls showed the race tightening in traditionally Republican states. Critics of the GOP nominee voiced concerns that McCain was giving away the election by not bringing up the Reverend Wright issue, showing the videotape of Wright shouting, “Not ‘God bless America,’ but God DAMN America!” Another problem, according to McCain staffers, was that Palin would not listen to them; that she was adamant about doing things her way. There were whispers that McCain realized his error in judgment at selecting her and Tom Ridge, an adviser to the campaign, told interviewers the ticket would have been better served if McCain had chosen him.

PALIN: AIRHEAD, DIVA

Even though she had held her own with Joe Biden in the lone vice-presidential debate, the bar had been set low. The Democrats and most pundits expected a major gaffe from her. She managed to make it through the debate without making such a Gerald Ford-like boner, but there was criticism that she blatantly ducked several questions and her winking to the audience smacked of immaturity and frivolousness.

“During the vice presidential debate on Thursday, Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin announced that she ‘may not answer the questions that either the moderator or you want to hear.’ In fact, ‘On at least 10 occasions, Palin gave answers that were nonspecific, completely generic, pivoted away from the question at hand, or simply ignored it.’ On NBC’s Meet The Press today, debate moderator Gwen Ifill said that Palin ‘more than ignored’ her questions. ‘Blew me off I think is the technical term,’ said Ifill.” (Source: Ifill: Palin ‘Blew Me Off’ During Debate, . http://thinkprogress.org, October 5, 2008).

l Palin continued to make embarrassing gaffes, including her inability to explain the duties of the vice-president. When asked by a third-grader what a vice president does, Palin responded, that the vice-present “runs the senate” and “can really get in there with the senators and make a lot of good policy changes.” The facts are, in the event the President can no longer carry out his duties, the VP takes over. The only other duty the second-in-command has is to preside over the Senate and cast the decisive vote in the event of a deadlock.

DEMOCRATIC STRATEGY

Obama’s war chest (more than $ 700 million) allowed him to advertise heavily in states that w=George Bush won in 2000 and 2004. This forced McCain to allocate resources to areas he never thought he would have to. McCain was playing a prevent defense, and Obama was driving toward pay dirt.

It was no secret that the Democrats had no southern strategy on which they could rely. So they planned to organize a western blitzkrieg. This was important for two reasons. McCain being from Arizona was strong out west and had an ally in Mitt Romney, a Mormon, who could help with that segment of the vote in both Utah and Nevada. Second, in 2004, George Bush garnered wins in four states with Democratic Governors (New Mexico. Montana, Wyoming and Arizona). “These states, along with Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Utah and Nevada want to vote as a bloc. They form an aggregate of 53 electoral votes, almost as many as California’s 55-which is solidly Democratic. Add this 108-vote bloc to New York, Illinois and Pennsylvania, which have all gone Democratic in each election since 1992 (73 electoral votes total), and the Dems would be 2/3 of the way to the White House.” (Source: Timothy N. Stelly, Sr., Go West, Young Men: The Future Of The Democratic Party, . Useless Knowledge, July 30, 2005).

Bill Richardson understood the power of the Hispanic voting bloc, saying “These are changing political times…We have to band together and that means Latinos in Florida, Cuban-Americans, Mexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans, South Americans – we have to network better. We have to be more politically minded, we have to put aside party and think of ourselves as Latinos, as Hispanics, more than we have in the past.”

His efforts paid off for Obama in New Mexico, which went for Bush in 2000 and 2004, but went for Obama 57-42. Other Western and Southwestern states that went for Obama included Colorado, Montana and Nevada-and as expected, California, Oregon and Washington. The only state that Obama lost with sizeable Latino populations were Arizona and Texas. It was estimated that Obama was the choice of 73% of Latinos. His percentage of the black vote received exceeded 90%.

DISCORD IN THE McCAIN CAMP?

Rumors abounded that Palin was being “difficult” and did not want to study. McCain staffers would later tell Carl Cameron of Fox News that Palin did not understand basic civics, misunderstood the function of state and municipal government, couldn’t name the three countries that make up NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement), nor could she name all of the countries that make up North America. It was rumored that she thought Africa was a country and not a continent. According to these unnamed McCain staffers, she thought South Africa was the southern part of the “country.” Late night talk show hosr David Letterman would later joke, “She thought NAFTA meant “Need Another Fofty Thousand for Accessories.” (Source: The Late Show With David Letterman, . Nov. 5, 2008).

Whether it was true or not, if it made the news, chances are a lot of people would believe it, and that’s damage Palin will likely be unable to fix. Palin called the anonymous critics “cowardly,” adding, “If there are allegations based on questions or comments that I made in debate prep about NAFTA, and about the continent vs. the country when we talk about Africa there, then those were taken out of context. That’s cruel, It’s mean-spirited. It’s immature. It’s unprofessional and those guys are jerks…” (Source: Dan Joling and Sharon Theimer, Palin Denounces Her Critics As Cowardly, . yahoonews.com, Nov. 7, 2008).

Earlier in the week, Palin blamed campaign staffer Nicole Wallace for her poor showing during her interview with Katie Couric and for her negative public image. Republican strategist Ed Rollins said of Palin, “[she] definitely is going to be the most popular Republican in this country when this thing is over.” (Source: Dana Bash, Palin’s Off-Script Remarks Irk McCain Aides, . cnnpolitics.com, Oct. 27, 2008). In an interview with NBS’c Matt Lauer, Wallace defended Palin, Saying “[She] did nothing wrong. She is perhaps the most un-diva politician I’ve ever seen.” I(n reference to McCain choosing her, Wallace said, “It was a wise choice that will look wiser as time goes on.” (Source: Video: Nicole Wallace Vigorously Defends Palin To Matt Lauer, . msnbc.com, Nov. 7, 2008).

There were rumors that staffer Randy Scheunemann had been fired, only to be reinstated by McCain, who feared that stories of campaign discord would hit the newswires just days before the election. After the election, Fox News defended its girl Palin, insisting the stories were the grumblings of disgruntled aides making excuses for McCain’s defeat so they wouldn’t look bad and could get jobs with other campaigns.

Meanwhile, blacks held their collective breath and hoped for the best, but expected the worst. They believed that if the Republicans could steal an election from other white men (Gore in 2000, Kerry in 2004), then they would go to even greater lengths to sink an African-American candidate.

Associated Press writer Jesse Washington wrote, “Obama’s potential victory represents a previously unimaginable triumph over centuries of racism. But beneath the hope and pride lies fear: of polling inaccuracy, voting chicanery, or the type of injustice and violence that have historically stymied African-American progress.” (Source: Jesse Washington, Cautious Joy As Blacks Imagine Obama Win, . Associated Press, Nov. 2, 2008).

The decision would be announced early, just before 9 p.m. PT, as Obama hit the estimated 194 electoral vote mark. There was no doubt he would win Washington, Oregon, California and his home state of Hawaii, an aggregate 76 votes. Moreover, he had won over working class whites in Pennsylvania and Ohio. By that time, McCain knew the death knell had sounded. The campaign chose not to post the Pennsylvania results at McCain headquarters, but anyone with a blackberry or a cell phone had already heard the death knell.

NOV. 4, 2008

Overcoming steep odds-defeating the Clinton machine and surviving the GOP attacks-Barack Hussein Obama became the 44th President of the Unites Stated and the first African-American elected to that post.

His success was due to his bringing in an inner circle that stayed true to him. There were no leaks and he earned the moniker “No drama Obama.” Obama simply ran a smarter and more efficient campaign, coupled with the flaws and failures of the Clinton and McCain machines. This is not to say Obama “backed into” the White House. He won over the American public and did more to earn their trust. He won over white men and the white female segment that pundits were sure would turn on him. He benefited from Hillary Clinton’s help and a smart campaign manger, David Axelrod.

One columnist wrote of McCain, “the McCain we got in the general election was not the McCain we had come to know. He was partisan, he was petty, he used a lot of gimmicks (the suspension of the campaign, Joe the Plumber, the celebrity commercial). He didn’t rise above partisanship, he didn’t go with his instincts. He was handled by his advisors to the point to where his objectivity was clouded. Had he have run a disciplined, issue-focused campaign, with a loyal running mate that he believed in (CT Sen. Joe Lieberman or MN Gov. Tim Pawlenty), the substance of this race would have been much different and the battlegrounds down the stretch would have been much more competitive. He would have had a stronger ability to shape debate, rather than just react to it.” (Source: My Super, 5 Reasons Why McCain Lost, demconwatchblog.com, Nov. 5, 2008).

Both Clinton and McCain can look back and see what went wrong. They ran into a more masterful politician, whose grit they underestimated. They also failed to acknowledge America’s desire for change and the intelligence of the voting public. Distortions, fear mongering and character assassination would not work. Obama never panicked and he stayed on point with the issues.

Obama won the popular vote, 52-46, or 65,293,083 votes to McCain’s 57,325,487 the second-highest total in history and enough to win in any other election year. Obama won both the male and female vote, 49-48 and 56-43 respectively. He won the 18-29 demographic, 66% to 32% and won in every age group except those over 65, which went for McCain 53-45.

The final tally: Obama 365 electoral votes, McCain 173.

Timothy N. Stelly, Sr. is a poet, novelist, essayist and screenwriter who resides in Northern California.

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Christian Gospel Music Artists – Albertina Walker Career History

May 6th, 2012

Born in 1929 in Chicago Illinois, Albertina was one of nine children raised within a deeply religious Christian Baptist family. Her singing career started at the age of 10 when she and her sister joined the choir at their local church, the West Point Baptist Church, from which a children’s group evolved to be known as the Williams Singers. This group became well known throughout Illinois and surrounding Mid Western states.

During her formative teenage years at the West Point Baptist Church, Walker was deeply influenced by Mahalia Jackson and other notable gospel singers who appeared in concerts held at the church. It was during this time that she began to sing with established musicians Robert Anderson and Willie Webb, gaining increasing exposure on radio through church performances with Anderson’s group.

As her public exposure began to rise, Walker soon made her first recording with Robert Anderson’s band and on Anderson’s retirement, formed the Caravans in 1952 with some of the members of Anderson’s former ensemble. James Cleveland, then a young keyboard player soon joined the Caravans, the first of a long line of illustrious gospel musicians that was to include Dorothy Norwood, Bessie Griffin, Inez Andrews, Imogene Greene and others.

For the rest of the fifties the Caravans dominated the gospel musical arena, appearing all over the world.

The group was uniquely characterised and blessed in that every member was endowed with strong and rich vocals; and Walker, astute as ever, allowed rotation of the lead vocalist among her talented female ensemble. In 1958 a young Shirley Caesar joined the band and soon became their lead vocalist.

The Caravans remained a leading force in gospel music well into the sixties. But with such depth of rich vocal talent in abundance within the group, individual members gradually began to pursue solo careers and in 1967, the group was disbanded by Walker. The group’s original founder, Walker also found herself pursuing a solo career.

Walker’s solo career developed throughout the seventies. She made her first solo record deal with Savoy Records and later signed with other big name record companies, working on gospel projects with numerous choirs including her home church choir, The West Point Choir. Her first solo work, Put A Little Love In Your Heart, was recorded in 1975 and she went on to conduct several gospel projects with Reverend James Cleveland and others. Over a long illustrious career, Walker has churned out over sixty albums, many of them golden hits.

Walker’s contribution to gospel music is widely acknowledged and she is often referred as the “Queen of Gospel”. Over the years, she has often worked on projects with other artists, producing popular Gold record albums and Grammy nominations. In 1993 she was nominated for a Grammy for Albertina Walker Live.

In 2006 Walker recorded a reunion album with The Caravans which featured in the Billboard top 40 album charts for 16 weeks. The album, titled Paved The Way, was distributed by Malaco Records and featured Caravan star names: Inez Andrews, Delores Washington, Dorothy Norwood and Walker.

Today, she still pursues an active Christian life and busy recording career. Often working on collaborative projects with other gospel artists, Walker was instrumental in organizing the Operation PUSH People’s Choir. She also founded the Albertina Walker Scholarship Foundation of which she is a significant contributor. Still based in Chicago, Albertina Walker has become a living gospel legend, always seeking to improve the lives of others through the word of God. This “Queen of Gospel” testifies to having led a deeply rewarding life and puts it all down to her early exposure to the church, saying: “I would like to encourage young people to stay with the Almighty God, because if they do, he will surely be with them.” Walker has spent most of life trying to encourage people to stay with the Lord.

You can view gospel lyrics of leading gospel music artists including Albertina Walker at the Gospel Song Lyrics website.

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Motion Picture Exhibition in Washington, D.C.: An Illustrated History of Parlors, Palaces And Multiplexes in the Metropolitan Area, 1894-1997

November 11th, 2011

Motion Picture Exhibition in Washington, D.C.: An Illustrated History of Parlors, Palaces And Multiplexes in the Metropolitan Area, 1894-1997

From inauspicious beginnings in the kinetoscope parlors and nickelodeons to the movie palaces of the golden era, and finally to the pared down multiplexes of today, this is the history of motion picture viewing in the nation’s capital and vicinity. The research is supported by numerous interviews. The book includes a 200-page listing of all the movie theaters in the area past and present, with data such as location, dates of operation, architect, and seating capacity, as well as a summary of each theater’s history and current status. Maps, drawings and photographs (most of which have never before been published) round out this comprehensive study.

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American History in Obama?s Inauguration Speech

October 19th, 2011

American History in Obama?s Inauguration Speech

As anyone who saw a campaign poster in 2008 could surely tell you, Barack Obama is all about change. Change in the White House, most profoundly in the simple, yet stunning, fact that we now have our first black president. Change in the tenor of politics, in an effort to step back from the ferocious partisanship of the past decade. And change in the direction of the country, in the form of a dramatic shift in the priorities and policies of the government.

Yet change, Obama also knows, can be frightening. Too much change can seem radical, threatening, dangerous. During the campaign, Obama had to overcome the deep-seated fears of many Americans that his particular brand of change would only mean change for the worse.

So Obama has always made a conscious effort to balance his calls for change with equal references to the timeless continuities of American history, seeking to cast his own political movement as nothing more than the culmination of the work of Lincoln, Roosevelt, Jefferson, Kennedy, and the other great leaders of our past. (Obama deliberately began his campaign, for example, in the same place that Lincoln began his own run for the White House, and ended it by taking the oath of office on Lincoln’s bible.)

Obama’s best speeches have all been peppered with historical allusions and quotations. Over the course of the campaign, Obama breathed fresh life into some of the most moving phrases offered in the past by Lincoln (“a new birth of freedom”), Martin Luther King (“the fierce urgency of now”), and Cesar Chavez (“yes we can”).

Obama’s inaugural was no exception to his tradition of using the past to frame the present, as the inaugural address was full of historical allusions—some obvious, some not so obvious.

So what exactly was Obama referring to with each of his invocations of the past? Let Shmoop be your guide:

Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.

Actually, only 43 presidents have taken the oath. (Grover Cleveland, who won the presidency in 1884, lost it in 1888, and won it back again in 1892, counts as both President #22 and President #24… so while there have been 44 distinct presidencies, there have only been 43 different presidents.) Aside from that bit of random trivia, the new president’s point here is to emphasize the continuity of the presidential transfer of power, in times good and bad, as prescribed in the U.S. Constitution (that’s what Obama’s invoking in his references to “We The People” and “our founding documents”).

Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted—for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things—some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.

For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.

For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.

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For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn.

Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.

Here Obama invokes the experiences of a wide variety of Americans, from all walks of life, in triumphing over adversity. Those who “packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life” would include both the first European settlers of America—the rugged colonists of Jamestown and the Puritan refugees of Plymouth Rock—but also the later generations of immigrants who poured into the country through most of the 19th and 20th centuries. Those who “toiled in sweatshops and settled the West” were the factory workers of America’s industrial revolution and the pioneers of Manifest Destiny. The “the lash of the whip” is both an obvious reference to slavery and, perhaps, a sly reference to a line in Abraham Lincoln’s second inaugural (“every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword”). Concord and Gettysburg and Normandy and Khe Sanh were momentous battles of the Revolutionary War, Civil War, World War II, and Vietnam War, respectively.

As for our common defense, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals. Our Founding Fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations.

Obama’s reference to a false “choice between our safety and our ideals” is almost certainly meant to echo Benjamin Franklin’s famous dictum that those who “give up essential liberty to obtain a little temporary safety deserve neither liberty nor safety.” The main peril faced by our Founding Fathers—Franklin among them, of course—was defeat and punishment at the hands of the British. The “charter” they drafted, the “charter expanded by the blood of generations,” is the Constitution of the United States.

Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please.

Here Obama refers to American victories in World War II (over fascism) and the Cold War (over communism), both of which were achieved not only through force of arms but also through effective diplomacy—the Grand Alliance with Britain, the Soviet Union, China and France in World War II, and the NATO alliance of Western powers against the Soviet bloc in the Cold War.

This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed—why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath.

These words were perhaps Obama’s most direct (yet still fairly subtle) reference to the profound racial significance of his election as President of the United States. Throughout the Jim Crow era, Washington, DC was essentially a Southern city—which is to say a segregated city. As late as the early 1960s, when Martin Luther King came to the city leading the March on Washington, the most admired black man in America was still only able to stay and eat in certain establishments inside the city’s African-American districts.

So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled. In the year of America’s birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people:

“Let it be told to the future world…that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive…that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it].”

America. In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our children’s children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God’s grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations.

Obama closed his speech by invoking the bitter winter of 1776, which George Washington and his soldiers spent in camp at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. American prospects in the Revolutionary War at the time looked bleak, as Washington’s men shivered and starved through the long winter knowing that they would soon have to go into battle against a fearsome British Army that regarded each and every one of them as a traitor to the crown.

The most famous quotation to emerge from the ordeal at Valley Forge was, interestingly, one that Obama chose not to use—Thomas Paine’s declaration that “These are the times that try men’s souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands it NOW, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.” While our own predicament as Americans facing difficult circumstances in early 2009 can hardly compare to the hardships endured at Valley Forge, Obama’s choice to end his inauguration by invoking the nation-making struggles of our forebears was almost certainly offered in the hopes of restoring a sense of national unity and purpose similar to that fostered by George Washington two centuries ago. If Obama succeeds in that, he will surely join Washington in the pantheon of great American presidents.

Nate Gillespie, Shmoop History lead: Ph.D. candidate (on leave) in US History at Stanford; MA and BA (with distinction and honors) in History from Stanford; founding director of Stanford History Graduate Memory Project

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Obama Election Night Event Picturing History

October 12th, 2011

A few nice Obama images I found:

Obama Election Night Event Picturing History
Obama

Image by bcbeatty
Obama Rally Nov 4 2008
YES WE DID!

Obama Election Night Event Matt Anderson
Obama

Image by bcbeatty
Obama Rally Nov 4 2008
YES WE DID!

Obama at Twilight
Obama

Image by ChrisM70
Obama speaks in front of 70,000 people at Liberty Memorial in Kansas City as the sun sets.

Visit my website: ChrisM70.com.

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History of Radio

August 5th, 2011

History of Radio

Many of us take the radio for granted. But the concept of being able to listen to music over the radio has only been a phenomenon of this century. And radio on the Internet even newer.

The radio itself and its technology came about due to the contribution of numerous people and their inventions over the years. There are varying disputed claims about who invented radio, which in the beginning was called “wireless telegraphy”. Names like Marconi, Tesla, and more come to mind when one thinks of this phenomena. Marconi first equipped ships with lifesaving wireless communications and established the first transatlantic radio service while Tesla developed means to reliably produce radio frequency electrical currents, publicly demonstrated the principles of radio, and transmitted long distance signals.

It wasn’t until 1904 that the U.S. Patent Office awarded Marconi a patent for the invention of radio, possibly influenced by Marconi’s financial backers in the States, who included Thomas Edison and Andrew Carnegie. This also allowed the U.S. government (among others) to avoid having to pay the royalties that were being claimed by Tesla for use of his patents.

The invention of AM radio or amplitude-modulated came from Reginald Fessenden and Lee de Forest. Having AM radio allowed radios to transmit more than one station. An AM receiver detects amplitude variations in the radio waves at a particular frequency. It then amplifies changes in the signal voltage to drive a loudspeaker or earphones. Fessenden gave his first broadcast on Christmas Eve of 1906 and used the concept of AM radio to transmit small-scale voice and music broadcasts up until World War I.

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In America in 1909, Charles David Herrold, an electronics instructor in San Jose, California constructed a broadcasting station that used the spark gap technology where now music was broadcasted. By March 8, 1916, Harold Power with his radio company American Radio and Research Company (AMRAD), broadcast the first continuous radio show in the world from Tufts University under the call sign 1XE (it lasted 3 hours). The company later became the first to broadcast on a daily schedule, and the first to broadcast radio dance programs, university professor lectures, the weather, and bedtime stories.

Eventually, numerous radio stations began to appear across the nation, from small towns with amateurs giving it a shot to major electrical firms getting into the business.

Some of the first radio programming included evening readings of short stories and amateur talent.
As radio broadcasting continued in popularity, questions were asked about the types of stations and types of programming should be offered.

Radio’s ability to conquer distance helped reduce the isolation of sparsely populated regions. With this popularity grew the need for programming and creative license by those operating the phonograms or records. These people were given the name Disc Jockey or DJ. The DJ’s would decide what music to play and when – who to feature and how. Later, this evolved into a new industry where only the forty best-selling singles (usually in a rack) as rated by Billboard magazine or from the stations own chart of the local top selling songs, were played.

In addition to playing the “Top 40” radio stations would punctuate the music with jingles, promotions, gags, call-ins, and requests, brief news, time and weather announcements and most importantly, advertising.

Radio as we know it then evolved into Internet Radio. The growth of Internet radio came from a small experimenter’s toy in the mid-90s and then grew into to a huge phenomenon allowing both small do-it-yourselfers and large commercial stations to make their offerings available worldwide People began discovering the many advantages of Internet radio which included more variety, lack of censorship, greater choice, a more eclectic approach to format programming, and static-free digital sound quality.

The idea of one-size-fits-all programming began dissipating as listeners and their diversity of musical tastes took over the scene.

Radio, while somewhat new in the spectrum of history, is here to stay and as long as the people continue to love their music and desire more and more of it in their life.

Jeff Bachmeier is owner of 977music.com, an online music and online radio station network providing live streaming Internet Radio channels with music from the 50’s thru Today. Users can also choose to create their own customized on demand playlist through their own social media profile. For more information please visit http:///www.977music.com.


Article from articlesbase.com

Bohemian Rhapsody and Radio Ga Ga
Video Rating: 4 / 5

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Can anyone recommend a Washington DC hotel that is walking distance from the Museum of American History?

July 14th, 2011

Question by Jeri Lynne: Can anyone recommend a Washington DC hotel that is walking distance from the Museum of American History?
We are taking Amtrak into Washington, and were intersted in finding a hotel within walking distance of both the museum and Union Station…that is also in a safe area. Help??

Best answer:

Answer by VeggieTart (The Cranky Agnostic)
There really aren’t hotels in walking distance of the National Mall, but as the Museum of American History is pretty close to both the Smithsonian and Federal Triangle Metro stations (Orange and Blue lines), it’s pretty easy to get around. Metro is quite safe.

Union Station (on the Red Line) is a few blocks off a rather dicey neighborhood, and it’s not walking distance to the museums. There are several hotels near Metro Center (Red, Orange, and Blue lines) and Gallery Place (Red, Yellow, and Green lines), but they are rather expensive.

Give your answer to this question below!

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History and Development of Radiotelephony (Radio-Trician’s Complete Course in Practical Radio, National Radio Institute)

July 3rd, 2011

History and Development of Radiotelephony (Radio-Trician’s Complete Course in Practical Radio, National Radio Institute)

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History of the theatre: Syllabus for History of the theatre 127, 128, 129, University of Washington, School of Drama

May 22nd, 2011

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